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An argument against Derinkuyu as a shelter is that it would have been easy to suffocate the people inside by closing up the ventilation shafts. The problem with this argument is that Derinkuyu was used for precisely that purpose later and there is no record that this ever happened. Even if it were used for everyday use, this would have been a weakness. The most likely explanation is that there was no way around this structural Achilles heel. There may have been greater hope of the enemy failing to find all of the shafts than there was of surviving an open attack aboveground. There may have also been warriors defending the city at ground level.
At this time, there is no way of knowing. In fact, there may never be any way of knowing. The city was occupied by people other than its builders later, effectively erasing whatever they may have left behind. One thing is certain, though. It made much more sense as a shelter than as a permanent dwelling. There were plenty of options for homes above ground and even ancient man appeared to know that open, clean air and separate dwellings for animals was the only way for a civilization to thrive.
Source
kavahfarrokh.com/iranica/parthian-era/history-channel-program-derinkuyu-the-underground-city
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